The standard route is built around art, understandably — for the papacy's history specifically, the Vatican Necropolis and a look at the Sistine Chapel's role in the conclave add a dimension most tours only touch on briefly.

A genuinely history-focused guide tends to frame the same rooms differently — spending less time on artistic technique and more on the politics behind each commission, from Constantine's original basilica to the Renaissance popes who tore it down and rebuilt it.